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परम ताप (absolute temperature)
जब तापमान को परम शून्य के सापेक्ष मापा जाता है तो इस प्रकार प्राप्त तापमान को परम ताप कहते हैं। इसे केल्विन इकाई का प्रयोग करके व्यक्त किया जाता है
परम शून्य (absolute zer
यह न्यूनतम ताप है जिसे प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। इससे कम ताप होना सम्भव ही नहीं है। किसी ठोस का ताप चूंकि उसके परमाणुओं के कम्पन का परिमाण प्रदर्शित करतअ है, अतः परम शून्य ताप पर परमाणु पूर्णतः कम्पन करना बद कर देते हैं
शुद्धि (accurac
when you measure something, the accuracy is how close your measured value is to the real value. for example, if you're actually six feet tall and your brother measures your height as six feet, one inch, he's pretty accurate. however, if your cousin measures your height as twelve feet, 13 inches, he's not accurate at all
अम्ल (aci
this is anything that gives off h+ ions in water. acids have a ph less than 7 and are good at dissolving metals. they turn litmus paper red and phenolphthalein colorless
acid anhydri
this is an oxide that forms an acid when you stick it in water. an example is so3 - when you add water it turns into sulfuric acid, h2so4
acid dissociation constant (k
this is equal to the ratio of the concentrations of an acid's conjugate base and the acid present when a weak acid dissociates in water. that is, if you have a solution of acid x where the concentration of the conjugate base is 0.5 m and the concentration of the acid is 10 m, the acid dissociation constant is 0.5/10 = 0.05
activated compl
in a chemical reaction, the reagents have to join together into a great big blob before they can fall back apart into the products. this great big blob is called the activated complex (a.k.a. transition state
activation ener
the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place. for some reactions this is very small (it only takes a spark to make gasoline burn)। for others, it's very high (when you burn magnesium, you need to hold it over a bunsen burner for a minute or so)
सक्रियता श्रेणी (activity serie
this is when you arrange elements in the order of how much they tend to react with water and acids
actual yie
when you do a chemical reaction, this is the amount of chemical that you actually make (i.e. the amount of stuff you can weigh)
योग अभिक्रिया (addition reactio
a reaction where atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond
adsorpti
when one substance collects of the surface of another one
एल्कोहल (alcoho
an organic molecule containing an -oh grou
aldehy
an organic molecule containing a -coh grou
alkali meta
group i in the periodic table
alkaline earth meta
group ii in the periodic table
एल्कने (alkan
an organic molecule which contains only single carbon-carbon bond.it is aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons
एल्कीन (alken
an organic molecule containing at least one c=c bond.it is aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
एल्काइन (alkyn
an organic molecule containing at least one c=-c triple bond.it is aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbo
allotrop
when you have different forms of an element in the same state. the relationship that white phosphorus and red phosphorus have to each other is that they're allotropes
मिश्रधातु (allo
a mixture of two metals. usually, you add very small amounts of a different element to make the metal stronger and harder
अल्फा कण (alpha particl
a radioactive particle equivalent to a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons
ami
an organic molecule which consists of an ammonia molecule where one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by organic groups
amino ac
the basic building blocks of proteins. they're called "amino acids" because they're both amines (they contain nitrogen) and acids (carboxylic acids, to be precise
amphiprot
when something is both an acid and a base. like amino acids, for example
amphoter
when something is both an acid and a base. sounds familiar, huh
धनाग्र (anod
the electrode where oxidation occurs. in other words, this is where electrons are lost by a substance
जलीय (aqueou
dissolved in wate
परमाणु द्रब्यमान इकाई (atomic mass unit (a.m.u.
this is the smallest unit of mass we use in chemistry, and is equivalent to 1/12 the mass of carbon-12. to all intents and purposes, protons and neutrons weigh 1 a.m.u
परमाणु त्रिज्या (atomic radiu
this is one half the distance between two bonded nuclei. why don't we just measure the distance from the nucleus to the outside of the atom - after all, isn't that the same thing as a radius? it is, but atoms are also (theoretically) infinitely large (due to quantum mechanics), making this impossible to measure
atomic sol
a solid where there's a bunch of atoms in the lattice. this is different from an ionic solid, where ions are the things that are sticking together
आफबाउ का सिद्धान्त (aufbau principl
when you add protons to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are added into orbitals
अवगाद्रो का नियम (avogadro's la
if you've got two gases under the same conditions of temperature, pressure, and volume, they've got the same number of particles (atoms or molecules)। this law only works for ideal gases, none of which actually exist
base anhydri
an oxide that forms a base when water is added. cao is an example, turning into calcium hydroxide in water
क्षार (bas
a compound that gives off oh- ions in water. they are slippery and bitter and have a ph greater than 7
बैटरी (batter
this is when a bunch of voltaic cells are stuck together
बीटा कण (beta particl
a radioactive particle equivalent to an electron
bidentate liga
a ligand that can attach twice to a metal ion
binary compou
a compound only having two element
बंधन उर्जा (binding energ
the amount of energy that holds the neutrons and protons together in the nucleus of an atom. it's a lot of energy, which is why you don't see nuclei falling apart all over the place
बाण्ड उर्जा (bond energ
the amount of energy it takes to break one mole of bonds
बाण्ड लम्बाई (bond lengt
the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
बायल का नियम (boyle's la
the volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with pressure. in other words, if you put big pressure on something, it gets small
ब्रान्स्टेट-लौरी अम्ल (bronsted-lowry aci
acids donate protons [h+ ions] and bases grab the
बफर (buffe
a liquid that resists change in ph by the addition of acid or base. it consists of a weak acid and it's conjugate base (acetic acid and sodium acetate, for example)
उष्मामापन (calorimetr
the study of heat flow. usually you'd do calorimetry to find the heat of combustion of a compound or the heat of reaction of two compounds
carboxylic ac
an organic molecule with a -cooh group on it. acetic acid is the most famous one
उत्प्रेरक (catalys
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up by the reaction. enzymes are catalysts because they allow the reactions that take place in the body to occur fast enough that we can live
ऋणाग्र (cathod
the electrode in which reduction occurs. reduction is when a compound gains electrons
शृंखला अभिक्रिया (chain reactio
a reaction in which the products from one step provide the reagents for the next one. this is frequently referred to in nuclear fission (when large nuclei break apart to form smaller ones) and in free-radical reactions
चार्ल का नियम (charles's la
the volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature. in other words, if you heat something up, it gets big
रासायनिक समीकरण (chemical equatio
the recipe that describes what you need to do to make a reaction take place
रासायनिक गुण (chemical propertie
properties that can only be described by making a chemical change (by making or breaking bonds)। for example, color isn't a chemical property because you don't need to change something chemically to see what color it is. flammability, on the other hand, is a chemical property, because you can't tell if something burns unless you actually try to burn it
chirali
when a molecule has a nonsuperimposable mirror image. to imagine this, put your hands together. although they are mirror images, you can't put them right on top of each other so they are interchangable. well, normal people can't, anyway
chromatograp
this is when you use a system containing a mobile phase (usually a liquid in general chemistry classes) and a stationary phase (something dissolved in the liquid) to separate different compounds. this is usually done by exploiting the differing polarities of solutes, though you can do it a whole slew o' ways
परिपथ (circui
the closed path in a circuit through which electrons flow
coagulati
when you destroy a colloid by letting the particles settle out
colligative proper
any property of a solution that changes when the concentration changes. examples are color, flavor, boiling point, melting point, and osmotic pressure
collo
it's a suspension
ज्वलन (combustio
when a compound combines with oxygen gas to form water, heat, and carbon dioxid
समान आयन प्रभाव (common ion effec
when the equilibrium position of a process is altered by adding another compound containing one of the same ions that's in the equilibrium
complex i
an ion in which a central atom (usually a transition metal) is surrounded by a bunch of molecules like water or ammonia (called "ligands"
सांद्रता (concentratio
a measurement of the amount of stuff (solute) dissolved in a liquid (solvent)। the most common concentration unit is molarity (m), which is equal to the number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution
condensati
when a vapor reforms a liquid. this is what happens on your bathroom mirror when you take a shower
चालकता (conductanc
a measurement of how well electricity can flow through an object
युग्मी अम्ल (conjugate aci
the compound formed when a base gains a proton (hydrogen atom)
युग्मी क्षार (conjugate bas
the compound formed when an acid loses a proton (hydrogen atom)
सतत स्पेक्ट्रम (continuous spectru
a spectrum that gives off all the colors of light, like a rainbow. this is caused by blackbody emission
covalent bo
a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons
क्रान्तिक द्रब्यमान (critical mas
the minimum amount of radioactive material needed to undergo a nuclear chain reaction
क्रान्तिक बिन्दु (critical poin
the end point of the liquid-vapor line in a phase diagram. past the critical point, you get something called a "supercritical liquid", which has weird properties
crystal latti
see "lattice
क्रिस्टल (crysta
a large chunk of an ionic solid
डाल्टन का आंशिक दाब का सिद्धान्त (dalton's law of partial pressure
the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sums of the partial pressures of all the gases put together
decompositi
when a big molecule falls apart to make two or more little ones
degenera
things (usually orbitals) are said to be degenerate if they have the same energy. this term is used a whole lot in quantum mechanics. also when dealing with kids who steal cars
delocalizati
this is when electrons can move around all over a molecule. this happens when you have double bonds on adjacent atoms in a molecule (conjugated hydrocarbon
denatu
when the 3-d structure of a protein breaks down due to heat (or ph, etc), it's said to be denatured. this means that it unravels because the intermolecular forces between atoms in the chain aren't strong enough to hold it together anymore
विसरण (diffusio
when particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. for example, if you open a bottle of ammonia on one end of the room, the concentration of ammonia molecules in the air is very high on that side of the room. as a result, they tend to migrate across the room, which explains why you can smell it after a little while. be careful not to mix this up with effusion (see definition
तनुकरण (dilutio
when you add solvent to a solution to make it less concentrated
द्विध्रुव आघूर्ण (dipole momen
when a molecule has some charge separation (usually because the molecule is polar), it's said to have a dipole moment
द्विध्रुव-द्विध्रुव बल (dipole-dipole forc
when the positive end of a polar molecule becomes attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule
बिलयन (dissociatio
when water dissolves a compound
आसवन (distillatio
this is when you separate a mixture of liquids by heating it up. the one with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, followed by the one with the next lowest boiling point, etc
double-displacement reaction (a.k.a. double replacement reactio
when the cations of two ionic compounds switch places
effusi
when a gas moves through an opening into a chamber that contains no pressure. effusion is much faster than diffusion because there are no other gas molecules to get in the way
विद्युत अपघटन (electrolysi
when electricity is used to break apart a chemical compound
विद्युत अपघट्य' (electrolyt
an ionic compound that dissolves in water to conduct electricity. strong electrolytes break apart completely in wate
weak electrolytes only fall apart a little bi
(actually, this isn't entirely true, as raji heyovska informs me. apparently strong electrolytes also dissociate partially in water, though much more so than weak ones. for more info, check out his paper at https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161532/http://www.jh-inst.cas.cz/~rheyrovs/. however, it is also true that the usual definition of a strong electrolyte is one that dissociates completely in water, which is why i include that definition above.) electron affinit
the energy change that accompanies the addition of an electron to an atom in the gas phase
electronegativit
a measurement of how much an atom tends to steal electrons from atoms that it's bonded to. elements at the top right of the periodic table (excluding the noble gases) are very electronegative while atoms in the bottom left are not very electronegative (a.k.a. "electropositive"
electropositi
when something is not at all electronegative. in fact, it tends to lose electrons rather than to gain them. elements that are electropositive are generally to the left and bottom of the periodic table
empirical formu
a reduced molecular formula. if you have a molecular formula and you can reduce all of the subscripts by some constant number, the result is the empirical formula
emulsi
when very small drops of a liquid are suspended in another. an example of an emulsion is salad dressing after you've shaken it up
enantiome
molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
endotherm
when a process absorbs energy (gets cold)
endpoi
the point where you actually stop a titration, usually because an indicator has changed color. this is different than the "equivalence point" because the indicator might not change colors at the exact instant that the solution is neutral
energy lev
a possible level of energy that an electron can have in an atom
enthal
a measurement of the energy content of a system
entro
a measurement of the randomness in a system
enzy
a biological molecule that catalyzes reactions in living creatures
साम्य (equilibriu
when the forward rate of a chemical reaction is the same as the reverse rate. this only takes place in reversible reactions because these are the only type of reaction in which the forward and backward reactions can both take place
equivalence poi
the point in a titration at which the solution is completely neutral. this is different than the "endpoint" (see above)
est
an organic molecule with r-co-or' functionality
excess reage
sometimes when you do a chemical reaction, there's some of one reagent left over. that's called the excess reagent
excited sta
a higher energy level that electrons can jump to when energy is added
exotherm
when a process gives off energy (gets hot)
fami
the same thing as a "group" (see above
first law of thermodynami
the energy of the universe is constant. it's the same thing as the law of conservation of energy
संलयन (fissio
a nuclear reaction where a big atom breaks up into little ones. this is what happens in nuclear power plants
मुक्त उर्जा (free energ
also called "gibbs free energy", it's the capacity of a system to do work
free radic
an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. they're way reactive
functional gro
a generic term for a group of atoms that cause a molecule to react in a specific way. it's really common to talk about this in organic chemistry, where you have "aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amines" and so on
गामा किरण (gamma ra
high energy light given off during a nuclear process. when a nucleus gives off this light, it goes to a lower energy state, making it more stable
geometrical isom
isomerism where atoms or groups of atoms can take up different positions around a double bond or a ring. this is also called cis- trans- isomerism
ground sta
the lowest energy state possible for an electron
gro
a column (the things up and down) in the periodic table. elements in the same group tend to have the same properties. these are also called "families"
अर्ध आयु (half-lif
the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. when talking about chemical reactions, it's the amount of time required to make half the reagent react
half-reacti
the oxidation or reduction part of a redox reaction
हैलोजन (haloge
the elements in group 17. they're really reactive
heat of reacti
the amount of heat absorbed or released in a reaction. also called the "enthalpy of reaction
उष्मा (hea
the kinetic energy of the particles in a system. the faster the particles move, the higher the heat
हेस का नियम (hess's la
the enthalpy change for a change is the same whether it takes place in one big step or in many small ones
heterogeneous mixtu
a mixture where the substances aren't equally distributed
homogeneous mixtu
a mixture that looks really "smooth" because everything is mixed up really well
हुन्ड का नियम (hund's rul
the most stable arrangement of electrons occurs when they're all unpaired
hybrid orbit
an orbital caused by the mixing of s, p, d, and f-orbitals
hydrati
when a molecule has water molecules attached to it
hydrocarb
a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen
hydrogen bo
the tendency of the hydrogen atom stuck to an electronegative atom to become attracted to the lone pair electrons on another electronegative atom. it's a pretty strong intermolecular force, which explains why water has such a high melting and boiling point
hydrogenati
when hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon multiple bond
hydronium i
the h+ ion, made famous by acids
hydroxide i
the oh- ion, made famous by bases
आदर्श गैस नियम (ideal gas la
pv=nr
आदर्श गैस (ideal ga
a gas in which the particles are infinitely small, have a kinetic energy directly proportional to the temperature, travel in random straight lines, and don't attract or repel each other. needless to say, there's no such thing as an ideal gas in the real world. however, we use ideal gases anyway because they make the math work out well for equations that describe how gases behave
आदर्श विलयन (ideal solutio
a solution in which the vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent presen
immiscib
when two substances don't dissolve in each other. think of oil and water. they're immiscible. organic compounds and water are frequently immiscible
indicat
a compound that turns different colors at different ph values. we generally like to have the color change at a ph of around seven because that's where the equivalence point of a titration is
inhibit
a substance that slows down a chemical reaction
अकार्बनिक यौगिक (inorganic compoun
any compound that doesn't contain carbon (except for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbonates)
अविलेय (insolubl
when something doesn't dissolve
intermedia
a molecule which exists for a short time in a chemical reaction before turning into the product
अन्तर-आणविक बल (intermolecular forc
a force that exists between two different molecules. examples are hydrogen bonding (which is strong), dipole-dipole forces (which are kind of weak), and london dispersion forces (a.k.a. van der waal forces), which are very weak
आयनिक बन्ध (ionic bon
a bond formed when charge particles stick together
आयनन की उर्जा (ionization energ
the amount of energy required to pull an electron off of a gaseous atom
अनुत्क्रंअणीय अभिक्रिया (irreversible reactio
a chemical reaction in which the reagents make products but the products can't reform reagents. most chemical reactions in basic chemistry classes are thought of as being irreversible
isotonic solutio
solutions containing the same osmotic pressure
समस्थानिक (isotop
when an element has more than one possibility for the number of neutrons, these are called isotopes. all known elements posess isotopes. for the record, the word "isotope" doesn't imply that something is radioactive. tv told you that, and tv is stupid
केल्विन (kelvi
a unit used to measure temperature. one kelvin is equal in size to one degree celsius. to convert between degrees celsius and kelvins, simply add 273.15 to the temperature in degrees celsius to get kelvins
keto
a molecule containing a r-co-r' functional group. acetone (dimethyl ketone) is a common one
गतिज उर्जा (kinetic energ
the energy due to the movement of an object. the more something moves, the more kinetic energy it has
lanthanide contracti
the tendency of the lanthanides to get small when you go from left to right in the periodic table
lattice ener
the energy released when one mole of a crystal is formed from gaseous ions
latti
the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or ions in a crystal
law of conservation of ener
the amount of energy in the universe never changes, ever. it just changes form
द्रब्यमान संरक्षण का नियम (law of conservation of mas
the amount of stuff after a chemical reaction takes place is the same as the amount of stuff you started with
ला शैतालिए का सिद्धान्त (le chatlier's principl
when you disturb an equilibrium (by adding more chemical, by heating it up, etc.), it will eventually go back into equilibrium under a different set of conditions
lewis ac
an electron-pair acceptor (carbonyl groups are really good ones
lewis ba
an electron-pair donor. things with lone pairs like water and ammonia are really good ones
lewis structu
a structural formula that shows all of the atoms and valence electrons in a molecule
liga
a molecule or ion that sticks to the central atom in a complex. common examples are ammonia, carbon monoxide, or water
limiting reage
if you do a chemical reaction and one of the chemicals gets used up before the other one, the one that got used up is called the "limiting reagent" because it limited the amount of product that could be formed. the other one is called the excess reagent
line spectr
a spectrum showing only certain wavelengths
london dispersion for
the forces between nonpolar atoms or molecules which is caused by momentary induced dipoles. it's real weak
lone pa
two electrons that aren't involved in chemical bonding. also frequently referred to as an "unshared pair"
main-block elemen
groups 1,2, and 13-18 in the periodic table. they're called main block elements because the outermost electron is in the s- or p- orbitals. what that has to do with the term "main block" is unclear to me, but hey, that's life
mass defe
the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its individual components. atoms usually weigh a little less than if you added up the weights of all the particles. this is because that extra mass was converted into the energy which holds the atom together (see "binding energy"
द्रब्यमान (mas
the amount of matter in an object. the more mass, the more stuff is present
mechani
a step-by-step sequence that shows how the products of a reaction are made from the reagents. mechanisms are very frequently shown during organic chemistry
मोललता (molalit
the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent in a solution. this is a unit of concentration that's not anywhere near as handy or common as molarity
मोलर द्रब्यमान (molar mas
the mass of one mole of particles
मोलर आयतन (molar volum
the volume of one mole of a substance at stp. if you believe that everything is an ideal gas, this is always 22.4 liters. unfortunately, there's no such thing as an ideal gas
मोलरता (molarit
a unit of concentration equal to moles of solute divided by liters of solution
mole fracti
the number of moles of stuff in a mixture that are due to one of the compouds
mole rat
the ratio of moles of what you've been given in a reaction to what you want to find. handy in stoichiometry
मोल (mol
6.02 x 1023 things
आणविक यौगिक (molecular compoun
a compound held together by covalent bonds
आणविक सूत्र (molecular formul
a formula that shows the correct quantity of all of the atoms in a molecule
monatomic i
an ion that has only one atom, like the chloride ion
neutralization reacti
the reaction of an acid with a base to form water and a salt
no
a location in an orbital where there's no probability of finding an electron
nonpolar covalent bo
a covalent bond where the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
normal boiling poi
the boiling point of a substance at 1.00 atm
normal melting poi
the melting point of a substance at 1.00 atm
नार्मलता (normalit
the number of equivalents of a substance dissolved in a liter of solution
नाभिकीय संलयन (nuclear fusio
when many small atoms combine to form a large one. this occurs during a thermonuclear reaction
nuclear fissi
this is when the nucleus of an atom breaks into many parts
नाभिकीय अभिक्रिया (nuclear reactio
any reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom. nuclear reactions take loads of energy, which is why you don't see them much around the lab
nucle
a particle (such as proton or neutron) that's in the nucleus of an atom
अष्टक नियम (octet rul
all atoms want to be like the nearest noble gas. (well, they all want to have the same number of valence electrons, anyway)। to do this, they either gain or lose electrons (to form ionic compounds) or share electrons (to form covalent compounds)
प्रकाशीय समावयवता (optical isomeris
isomerism in which the isomers cause plane polarized light to rotate in different directions
orbit
this is where the electrons in an atom live
कार्बनिक यौगिक (organic compoun
a compound that contains carbon (except carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbonates
परासरण (osmosi
the flow of a pure liquid into an area of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
आक्सीकरण संख्या (oxidation numbe
the apparent charge on an atom
आक्सीकरण (oxidatio
when a substance loses electrons
आंशिक दाब (partial pressur
the pressure of one gas in a mixture. for example, if you had a 50:50 mix of helium and hydrogen gases and the total pressure was 2 atm, the partial pressure of hydrogen would be 1 atm
पाली का अपवर्जन का सिद्धान्त (pauli exclusion principl
no two electrons in an atom can have the same quantum numbers
percent yie
the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, times 100
आवर्त काल (perio
a row (left to right) in the periodic table
आवर्तता का नियम (periodic la
the properties of elements change with increasing atomic number in a periodic way. that's why you can stick the elements into a big chart and have the elements line up in nice families
पीएच (p
-log[h+
फेज आरेख (phase diagra
a chart which shows how the phase depends on various conditions of temperature and pressure
pha
the state of a compound (solid, liquid, or gas
भौतिक गुण (physical propert
a property which can be determined without changing something chemically. if that doesn't make sense, see the definition of "chemical change"
पाई बन्ध (pi-bon
a double bond
polar covalent bo
a covalent bond where one atom tries to grab the electrons from the other one. this occurs because the electronegativities of the two atoms aren't the same
बहुपरमाणवीय (polyatomi
contains more than one atom
polym
a molecule containing many repeating units. plastics are polymers and are formed by free radical chain reactions
polyprotic ac
an acid that can give up more than one hydronium ion. examples are sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
स्थितिज उर्जा (potential energ
the energy something has because of where it is. things that are way up high have more potential energy than things that are way down low because they have farther to fall
precisi
a measurement of how repeatable a measurement is. the more significant figures, the more precise the measurement
दाब (pressur
force/are
उत्पाद (produc
the thing you make in a chemical reaction
क्वान्टम सिद्धान्त (quantum theor
the branch of physical chemistry that describes how energy can only exist at certain levels and makes generalizations about how atoms behave from this assumption
रेडियो सक्रिय (radioactiv
when a substance has an unstable nucleus that can fall apart, it's referred to as radioactive
राउल्ट का नियम (raoult's la
the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent
rate determining st
the slowest step in a chemical reaction
rate l
a mathematical expression for the speed of a reaction as a function of concentration
a hi
it's usually true that things go faster if you have more stuff in the first place
redox reacti
a reaction that has both an oxidation and reduction
resonance structu
when more than one valid lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule, these structures are said to be resonance structures. resonance structures arise from the fact that the electrons are delocalized
उत्क्रमणीय अभिक्रिया (reversible reactio
a reaction in which the products can make reagents, as well as the reagents making products
वर्ग मूल माध्य वेग (root mean square velocity (rms velocity
the square root of the average of the squares of the individual velocities of the gas particles in a mixture. to put it in a way that a normal human can understand, it's the average of how fast the particles in a gas are going (assuming you ignore the direction they're traveling in)
लवण (sal
an ionic compound
संतृप्त (saturate
when the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a liqui
उष्मागतिकी का द्वितीय नियम (second law of thermodynamic
whenever you do something, the universe gets more random
अर्धचालक (semiconducto
a substance that conducts electricity poorly at room temperature, but has increasing conductivity at higher temperatures. metalloids are usually good semiconductors
shielding effe
the outer electrons aren't pulled very tightly by the nucleus because the inner electrons repel them. this repulsion is called the shielding effect, and can be used to explain lots of neat-o stuff
सिग्मा बन्ध (sigma bon
a real fancy way of saying "single bond
significant figu
the number of digits in a number that tell you useful information. for example, when you weigh yourself on a bathroom scale, it says something like 150 pounds rather than 150.32843737 pounds. why? because the thing can only weigh accurately to the nearest pound. any other digits that are on this number don't mean anything, because they're probably wrong anyway
single-displacement reaction (a.k.a. single replacement reactio
when one unbonded element replaces an element in a chemical compound. these are frequently redox reactions
बिलेयता (solubilit
a measurement of how much of a solute can dissolve in a liquid
बिलेयता गुणनफल (solubility product constan
abbreviated ksp, this value indicates the degree to which a compound dissociates in water. the higher the solubility product constant, the more soluble the compound
विलेय (solut
the solid that gets dissolved in a solution
विलायक (solven
the liquid that dissolves the solid in a solution or in solution which physical state appear
विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता (specific heat capacit
the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree
spectator ion
the ions in a reaction that don't react
spontaneous chan
a change that occurs by itself. all exothermic reactions are spontaneous. however, this doesn't mean that all exothermic reactions are fast. the combustion of gasoline is spontaneous, but not very fast unless you add a little energy
मानक ताप व दाब (standard temperature and pressur
one atmosphere and 273 k
steric hindran
this is the idea that the functional groups on big molecules get in the way of a chemical reaction, making it go slower. imagine a fat guy trying to get into a honda prelude - that's steric hindrance
stoichiomet
the art of figuring how much stuff you'll make in a chemical reaction from the amount of each reagent you start with
s
see standard temperature and pressure
strong ac
an acid that fully dissociates in wate
strong nuclear for
the force that holds the nucleus together. as the name suggests, this force is strong
संरचना सूत्र (structural formul
see lewis structure
उर्ध्वपातन (sublimatio
when a solid can change directly into a gas. dry ice does this
अतिशीतलन (supercoolin
when you cool something below its normal freezing poin
अतिसंतृप्त (supersaturate
when more solute is dissolved in a liquid than is theoretically possible. this doesn't happen much, as you might imagine
पृष्ट तनाव (surface tensio
a measurement of how much the molecules on a liquid tend to like to stick to each other. if something has a high surface tension, it likes to bead up
suspensi
a mixture that looks homogeneous when you stir it, but where the solids settle out when you stop. mud is a very short-lived suspension, while peanut butter is a very long-lived suspension
संश्लेषण (synthesi
when you make a big molecule from two or more smaller ones
तन्त्र (syste
everything you're talking about at the moment
ताप (temperatur
a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system
theoretical yie
the amount of product which should be made in a chemical reaction if everything goes perfectly
उष्मागतिकी (thermodynamic
the study of energ
उष्मागतिकी का तृतीय नियम (third law o' thermodynamic
the randomness of a system at 0 k is zero
titrati
when the concentration of an acid or base is determined by neutralizing it
transition sta
see "activated complex
त्रिक बिन्दु (triple poin
the temperature and pressure at which all three states of a substance can exist in equilibrium
unit ce
the simplest part of a crystal that can be repeated over and over to make the whole thing
असंतृप्त (unsaturate
when you haven't yet dissolved all of the solute that's possible to dissolve in a liquid
unshared electron pa
two electrons that aren't involved in chemical bonding. also frequently referred to as a "lone pair"
संयोजी एलेक्ट्रान (valence electro
the outermost electrons in an atom
वाष्प दाब (vapor pressur
the pressure of a substance that's present above it's liquid. for example, you can tell that ammonia has a high vapor pressure because the smell of it is very strong above liquid ammonia
वाष्पन (vaporizatio
when you boil a liquid
volati
a substance with a high vapor pressure
vse
a theory for predicting molecular shapes that assumes that electrons like to be as far from each other as possible.pr.le.n).e).n).ir.d).ll.t)"te.on.s)ys).ld.e).m).s).on.n).d)tg).n).a).cerid.tp.ry.ce.e).ge.s'.y).t).e).t).y).n).re"d).ct.r).s)dd).t)।)).n).re.on.nt.aw.ep.w).e).y).t)ae).on.y).id.er.c).nd.d).y))se.m)]h).w).d).ld.e).e).n).r).s))d).al.m)।e).on.n).on.n).y).nt.nt.nd.de.on.on.a).d).e).io.on.y).e).s).y).sm.s))ct.ts.ir.ce.um.nt.nd.re.se)id.e).s).gy.ce.gy.on.y).ne.n).e).ns.n).y).d).e).te.e)।d).or.or.letn).s)tw).on.on.on.nd.on.on.al.e).re.re.w).t)"on.n).on.e).up.te.er.y).up.al.y).n).cs)ly।ic.te.nt.er।nt.m).me.py.py.el.nt।ic.rs.on.la.ve)y.y t.re).s).on.n).n).n).e).t).n))n).re)on.te.on.s).l)"ce.t).s).nd.m)।e)।d).e).on.n))on.t)en).id.ty.on.t).hy.ty.s).n).w).n).e).t).id.y)।r)md).w).h).y).y)snd.nd.e).y).e).de.w).e).id.s).))rs).e)?ic.ic)id.ne)e).y).esne).e).e).ls.lspdepl).on.n)।ld.s)।gy)ex.a).de.d).y)।o)।over to make the whole thing.
असंतृप्त (unsaturated)
When you haven't yet dissolved all of the solute that's possible to dissolve in a liquid.
unshared electron pair
two electrons that aren't involved in chemical bonding. Also frequently referred to as a "lone pair".
संयोजी एलेक्ट्रान (valence electron)
The outermost electrons in an atom.
वाष्प दाब (vapor pressure)
The pressure of a substance that's present above it's liquid. For example, you can tell that ammonia has a high vapor pressure because the smell of it is very strong above liquid ammonia.
वाष्पन (vaporization)
When you boil a liquid.
volatile
A substance with a high vapor pressure.
VSEPR
A theory for predicting molecular shapes that assumes that electrons like to be as far from each other as possible.